Ever since humanity went into space, 自从人类进入太空,
We've looked down on the marvels of our civilization. 我们瞧不起我们文明的奇迹.
We've achieved incredible things, 我们取得了不可思议的成就,
But we didn't do this alone. 但这不是我们一个人干的.
Thanks to space technology,we are gaining new insight 多亏了空间技术,我们获得了新的见解
Into how the dynamic life of our planet 我们星球上充满活力的生命
Has influenced the rise of our species. 影响了人类的崛起.
We're finding evidence that our exceptional brains 我们正在寻找证据证明我们与众不同的大脑
May be an evolutionary response to an unpredictable climate. 可能是对不可预测气候的进化反应.
Man: When you really look at what our brains do, 男人：当你真的看看我们的大脑是怎么做的,
They're our organ of adaptability. 它们是我们的适应器官.
We're revealing how a lifestyle revolution 我们揭示了一场生活方式的革命
Triggered the growth of civilization. 引发了文明的成长.
Man: These are probably the earliest ancient roadways 男人：这些可能是最早的古代公路
In the world. 在世界上.
And we're uncovering the full power and peril 我们正在揭开全部的力量和危险
Of unleashing the energy stored within our planet 释放我们星球上储存的能量
Hundreds of millions of years ago. 几亿年前.
Man: That's an energy revolution, 那是能源革命,
And there are climatic and ecosystem consequences to that 这会对气候和生态系统造成影响
That are going to be present for thousands of years to come. 在未来的几千年里都会存在.
Humanity's very success is pushing us 人类的成功正在推动我们
And our environment to the edge. 以及我们的环境.
Man: We have become a force to match anything that you see 男人：我们已经成为一种力量,可以与你看到的任何东西相匹配
In a billion years of earth history. 在地球十亿年的历史中.
But our technology gives us a chance 但我们的技术给了我们一个机会
To shape what happens next. 来决定接下来会发生什么.
Man: We can actually conceive of a desirable future 男人：我们可以想象一个美好的未来
And build a global plan to get to that future. 建立一个通往未来的全球计划.
That's the challenge for humanity in the 21st century. 这是21世纪人类面临的挑战.
This is the story of us, 这是我们的故事,
Of the life of earth in the age of humans. 在人类时代的地球生命.
From its birth 4.5 billion years ago, 从45亿年前诞生,
Planet earth has endured constant change-- 地球经历了不断的变化——
Devastating impacts from asteroids and comets, 小行星和彗星的毁灭性撞击,
And tectonic shifts generated 以及产生的构造变化
By the churning heat beneath its crust, 在地壳下翻腾的热量,
Transforming the planet's environment. 改变地球的环境.
All life that clings to its surface 所有附着在表面的生命
Evolves to survive 为了生存而进化
Or succumbs to extinction. 或者走向灭绝.
Our story begins 300,000 years ago. 我们的故事始于30万年前.
Earth's climate is colder than today, 地球的气候比今天冷,
With ice sheets extending from both poles. 冰原从两极延伸.
In the warmer equatorial zone on the african continent, 在非洲大陆较温暖的赤道地带,
A new creature arises, 一种新的生物出现了,
A species of ape with great potential. 一种很有潜力的类人猿.
They are us... 他们是我们...
Homo sapiens. 智人.
But 300,000 years ago, 但30万年前,
We were not the only two-legged ape 我们不是唯一的两腿猿
Wandering the african plains. 在非洲平原漫步.
2015,southern africa. 2015年,南部非洲.
In a region rich in ancient human fossils, 在一个古人类化石丰富的地区,
A fantastic new discovery awaits deep underground. 一个奇妙的新发现在地下深处等待着.
It's the first time 这是第一次
Paleoanthropologist dr.Lee berger 古人类学家李伯杰博士
Has explored the rising star cave system. 探索了新星洞穴系统.
Lee berger: I had this map I'd created 李伯杰：我有一张自己画的地图
Of almost 800 cave sites 几乎有800个洞穴遗址
That were all entryways into the underworld 都是进入阴间的通道
That I hadn't been in yet,and that was the mission. 我还没进去,这就是我的使命.
Berger has heard rumors of human remains 伯杰听到了关于人类遗骸的传闻
Glimpsed down one of these passageways. 瞥见其中一条通道.
It's challenging terrain for the scientific team. 对科学团队来说,这是一个具有挑战性的地形.
Berger: To travel just 100 meters 伯杰：只需走100米
Takes 20,30,40 minutes, 需要20、30、40分钟,
Depending on how fit you are and how good you are 取决于你有多健康,你有多优秀
At squeezing through very tight spaces. 在非常狭小的空间里挤来挤去.
It's a torturous journey. 这是一次痛苦的旅程.
The effort is worth it. 努力是值得的.
They make an incredible find. 他们的发现令人难以置信.
Berger: I was speechless. 伯杰：我说不出话来.
I mean,there I saw something 我是说,我看到了一些东西
I thought I would never see in my entire career. 我以为在我的整个职业生涯中我永远也看不到.
There was a clearly primitive hominid 有一个明显的原始人类
Just lying there on the surface in the dirt. 就躺在地上.
The body is just the beginning. 身体只是个开始.
Berger and his team uncover bones 伯杰和他的团队发现了骨头
From 15 separate skeletons, 从15具不同的骨骼中,
Dating from the time humans first spread across africa. 可以追溯到人类第一次在非洲传播的时候.
Berger: We've had everything from individuals just born, 伯杰：从刚出生的人到现在的人,
All the way to the extreme elderly, 一直到老年人,
And everybody in between. 中间的每个人.
But the bones are not human. 但是骨头不是人.
They belong to a totally new species-- 它们属于一个全新的物种--
Homo naledi. 纳雷迪人.
Berger: Imagine if you're standing out here 伯杰：想象一下如果你站在这里
300,000 years ago. 30万年前.
A group of homo naledis from 500 meters... 一群500米外的人类...
They'd look very little different from humans 他们看起来和人类没什么不同
Because they're walking on two legs. 因为他们用两条腿走路.
As they approach, 当他们接近时,
You're going to start seeing things that are different. 你会看到不同的东西.
You're going to notice that the proportions aren't right, 你会注意到比例不对,
That the heads are small,that the shoulders are narrow. 头小,肩窄.
When they got about 50 meters from you, 当他们离你50米远的时候,
You'd realize that's not a human coming at you. 你会意识到那不是人类向你冲过来的.
There'd be no mistaking. 不会错的.
Naledi now joined the ranks 纳莱迪现在加入了这个行列
Of at least three other human-like species 至少还有三种类似人类的物种
That existed in parallel to homo sapiens 与智人同时存在
300,000 years ago, 30万年前,
Exhibited here in the national museum of natural history. 在国家自然历史博物馆展出.
Rick potts: We used to see human evolutionary history 里克·波茨：我们过去常常看到人类的进化史
As that March of progress from ape-like to human beings. 就像从类人猿到人类的前进.
Instead,what we've learned is that there were contemporaries. 相反,我们学到的是,有同时代的人.
Our evolutionary tree is branching and diverse, 我们的进化树是分支多样的,
Like the evolutionary trees 就像进化树一样
Of almost all other organisms on earth. 地球上几乎所有其他生物中.
But if all these human-like competitors 但是如果所有这些像人类一样的竞争者
Once shared our planet, 曾经分享过我们的星球,
Why are we the only ones left? 为什么我们是唯一剩下的人？
Potts: None of them now exist on earth. 波茨：它们现在都不存在于地球上了.
We are the last bipeds standing. 我们是最后站立的两足动物.
Humanity's survival advantage may have its roots 人类的生存优势可能有其根源
In dramatic changes in the earth's unstable climate. 地球不稳定气候的剧烈变化.
Satellite images of the western sahara 西撒哈拉的卫星图像
Reveal remains of a major river system 250 miles long... 揭示250英里长的主要河流系统的遗迹...
Evidence that this was once a lush valley. 证明这里曾经是一个郁郁葱葱的山谷.
It's now believed that every 20,000 years 现在人们相信每两万年
Throughout humanity's evolution, 在人类的进化过程中,
Periodic ice ages swing the african environment 周期性的冰河时代改变了非洲的环境
From wet to dry and back again. 从湿到干,再从湿到干.
Potts: The past six million years 波茨：过去六百万年
Have been the most dramatic period 是最戏剧化的时期
Of climate oscillation and change in landscapes 气候振荡与景观变化
Ever since the extinction of the dinosaurs 自从恐龙灭绝以来
65 million years ago. 6500万年前.
Any species that can't cope 任何不能应付的物种
With rapid environmental change will not endure. 随着环境的迅速变化,我们将无法忍受.
Potts: The boundary between survival and extinction 波特：生存与灭绝的界限
Was really adaptability, 真的是适应性强,
The ability to adjust to changes in the landscape. 适应环境变化的能力.
Scientists think the need 科学家认为
To solve environmental challenges 解决环境挑战
Spurred homo sapiens to evolve a uniquely adaptive brain. 刺激智人进化出一种独特的适应性大脑.
We developed imagination and language skills 我们培养了想象力和语言技能
Our rivals lacked. 我们的竞争对手缺乏.
Potts: When you really look at what our brains do, 波茨：当你真正了解我们的大脑时,
They're our organ of adaptability. 它们是我们的适应器官.
With language,we have the ability 有了语言,我们就有了能力
Of not just having our brains being inside our skulls, 不仅仅是我们的大脑在我们的头骨里,
We have the possibility of our brains being shared with others 我们有可能与他人分享我们的大脑
In ways that go far beyond 远不止这些
What any other organism was capable of doing 其他生物都能做什么
Up to that time,including earlier humans, 直到那时,包括早期人类,
And that capacity to socially network our brains 我们大脑社交网络的能力
Meant that innovations could start to not only be invented 意味着创新不仅可以开始被发明
But also to accumulate. 但也要积累.
That was our real card 那是我们的名片
That we could put down on the survival table. 我们可以放在救生台上.
Over 200,000 years of intense competition 20多万年的激烈竞争
In a fluctuating climate, 在波动的气候中,
We become the only homo species still surviving in africa. 我们成为非洲仅存的人类物种.
Homo naledi and our other african rivals 纳雷迪人和其他非洲对手
Are overwhelmed. 我们不知所措.
And it's time for our mental advantage to go global. 是时候让我们的精神优势走向全球了.
An extreme ice age causes sea levels 极端的冰河期导致海平面上升
To drop nearly 250 feet. 下降近250英尺.
Sections of the red sea narrow to just a few miles wide. 红海的部分区域狭窄到只有几英里宽.
It's a new route out of africa 这是一条离开非洲的新路线
That some of our ancestors now use 我们的一些祖先现在用的
To spread across the world. 传播到全世界.
The decline and disappearance 衰落与消失
Of all remaining rival homo species 所有剩余的同类竞争
Can be traced to this great migration. 可以追溯到这次大迁徙.
And our rivals are not the only casualties. 我们的对手并不是唯一的受害者.
We now begin to have an impact on the planet 我们现在开始对地球产生影响
Unlike any other animal before or since. 不像以前或以后的任何动物.
The latest ice age approaches its peak. 最近的冰河期接近顶峰.
Over the last 30,000 years, 在过去的30000年里,
Our ancestors have spread across the globe. 我们的祖先已经遍布全球.
But their path to the americas was hindered. 但是他们去美洲的路被阻碍了.
Deep oceans proved a formidable obstruction, 深海被证明是一个巨大的障碍,
But now this barrier disappears. 但现在这个障碍消失了.
Expanding ice caps cause sea levels 不断膨胀的冰盖导致海平面上升
To dip to record lows. 跌至历史最低点.
In 2014,a satellite survey between siberia and alaska 2014年,西伯利亚和阿拉斯加之间的卫星调查
Measures the shallow contours of the seabed. 测量海床的浅层轮廓.
Here is conclusive proof that 25,000 years ago, 这里有确凿的证据证明25000年前,
A 600-mile land corridor opens up. 一条600英里长的陆地走廊打开了.
Across it,animals and humans start to migrate. 穿过它,动物和人类开始迁徙.
But evidence from this late migration tells a bigger story 但这次晚迁徙的证据说明了一个更大的问题
That humans have by now amassed 人类已经积累了
The power to unbalance an entire ecosystem. 使整个生态系统失衡的力量.
In michigan,a team of paleontologists investigates 在密歇根州,一组古生物学家调查
The remains of an ice age lake. 冰河时期湖泊的遗迹.
Team leader dr.Dan fisher unearths incredible evidence 团队负责人丹·费舍尔博士发现了难以置信的证据
Of the deadly impact of this human migration. 人类迁徙的致命影响.
Dan fisher: What's that? 丹·费舍尔：那是什么？
There's something there. 那里有些东西.
Okay,this shape right here 好的,这个形状就在这里
Is the central column-like section of a vertebra, 是脊椎的中心柱状部分,
The part that supports weight. 支撑重量的部分.
Oh! There's another one below this. 哦！下面还有一个.
These are the remains of an icon of the ice age... 这些是冰河时代的一个标志的遗迹...
The woolly mammoth. 长毛象.
Fisher: Humans living here at this time 费舍尔：人类现在住在这里
Would absolutely have encountered them 绝对会遇到他们
On a more or less daily basis. 差不多每天都有.
Before humans arrived, 在人类到来之前,
Mammoths and other large animals roamed throughout the americas. 猛犸象和其他大型动物在美洲各地游荡.
But they had never faced a predator this cunning. 但他们从未面对过如此狡猾的掠食者.
Fisher's evidence shows 费希尔的证据显示
Just how sophisticated these hunters were. 这些猎人是多么老练.
Fisher: I think this comes from the base of the skull 费舍尔：我想这是从颅底来的
That was cleaved off. 那是分开的.
This would suggest,not in a single piece, 这意味着,不是一块一块,
Maybe in multiple pieces, 可能是多块,
We have this very targeted damage on the skull. 我们在头骨上发现了非常有针对性的损伤.
They broke in just where it was necessary 他们在必要的地方闯了进来
To most easily remove the entire brain. 最容易切除整个大脑.
The early humans aren't just eating 早期人类不仅仅是吃东西
The nutritious brain. 营养丰富的大脑.
They know how to prepare and preserve it. 他们知道如何准备和保存它.
Fisher: The fact that it's found in the pond 在池塘里发现的事实
Is consistent with the notion 与这个概念是一致的
That they store brains in skulls in lakes for a month or two 他们把大脑储存在湖里的头骨里一两个月
To sort of season them 给他们做个季节
And,and get them sort of to just the right consistency, 然后,让它们保持适当的一致性,
But then they'll eat them directly. 但他们会直接吃.
Mammoths once dominated this landscape. 猛犸象曾经主宰了这片土地.
But fossil evidence shows that by 10,000 years ago, 但化石证据显示到一万年前,
Their numbers are in steep decline. 他们的人数正在急剧下降.
And the clues point to one culprit. 线索指向一个罪犯.
Fisher: You might think that a small human population 费舍尔：你可能认为人类人口很少
Would never make a dent in the populations like this, 不会对这样的人口造成影响,
But these are slow-reproducing animals. 但这些是繁殖缓慢的动物.
When they suffer losses to hunting year after year, 当他们年复一年地打猎时,
It has the potential to have a serious impact 它有可能产生严重影响
On the population as a whole. 对整个人口来说.
The evidence strongly supports human activity 证据有力地支持人类活动
As the principal cause of the mammoths' extinction. 作为猛犸象灭绝的主要原因.
The end of the mammoths is proof 猛犸象的结局是证据
That as early as 10,000 years ago, 早在一万年前,
Our adaptive brain gives us enormous influence 我们的适应性大脑给我们巨大的影响
Over our environment. 在我们的环境下.
But globally,our scattered populations 但在全球范围内,我们分散的人口
Still total fewer than five million. 但总人数还不到500万.
In this ice age world,our numbers are limited 在这个冰河时代,我们的人数有限
By the scarcity of the wild resources we depend on. 由于我们所依赖的野生资源的匮乏.
But the planet itself will soon create opportunity 但是这个星球本身很快就会创造机会
For a new way of life. 为了一种新的生活方式.
Humans will harness the power of cultivation, 人类将利用培养的力量,
Transforming not just our population, 不仅改变我们的人口,
But our societies,even the whole ecosystem. 但我们的社会,甚至整个生态系统.
Our planet today is lit up by civilization. 我们今天的星球被文明照亮了.
But 10,000 years ago, 但一万年前,
Not a single town or city exists. 没有一个城镇或城市.
All humans are nomads. 所有的人类都是游牧民族.
They live in small groups of hunter-gatherers, 他们住在狩猎采集者的小群体中,
Always on the move, 总是在行动,
Hunting wild animals and foraging wild plants. 猎杀野生动物和觅食野生植物.
This lifestyle has changed little for over 100,000 years. 这种生活方式在10万年来几乎没有改变.
But just 5,000 years later,grand structures appear 但仅仅5000年后,宏伟的建筑就出现了
Alongside teeming cities, 在众多城市的旁边,
Hallmarks of civilization. 文明的标志.
It's a dramatic turning point. 这是一个戏剧性的转折点.
And a set of top secret photographs 还有一组绝密照片
May just have revealed where it all began. 可能只是透露了一切的开始.
In the 1960s,at the height of the cold war, 在20世纪60年代,在冷战的最高峰,
America launches a spy satellite program... 美国启动了间谍卫星计划...
Code name: Corona. 代码名称：科罗娜.
For decades,the 800,000 satellite photographs 几十年来,80万张卫星照片
Of the corona program remain top secret, 科罗娜计划仍然是最高机密,
But in 1995,an archaeologist from the smithsonian institution 但1995年,史密森学会的考古学家
Persuades the government to declassify the images. 说服政府解密这些图像.
This treasure trove of data 这是一堆数据宝藏
May just have identified the world's first city. 也许是世界上第一个城市.
Anthropologist dr.Jesse casana has spent years 人类学家杰西·卡萨纳博士已经花了好几年了
Studying corona spy photographs of the middle east. 研究中东的电晕间谍照片.
The images are invaluable 这些图像是无价的
Because 50 years ago when the photos were taken, 因为50年前拍照片的时候,
The countryside was far less industrialized. 农村远没有工业化.
Ancient details remain visible,if you know what to look for. 如果你知道要找什么,古代的细节仍然可见.
Jesse casana: We were able to document 杰西·卡萨纳：我们能记录下来
Something like 10,000 previously unknown archaeological sites 比如10000个以前未知的考古遗址
That,through the history of 150 years 在150年的历史中
Of archaeologists working in the middle east, 在中东工作的考古学家,
No one had ever documented. 从来没有人记录过.
In 2007, 2007年,
The spy images herald a breakthrough, 间谍形象预示着突破,
Revealing details that are causing experts 透露引起专家的细节
To reclassify one settlement as the world's first city. 把一个定居点重新划分为世界上第一个城市.
4,000 years older than the pyramids of egypt, 比埃及金字塔大4000年,
It's called tell brak. 叫“告诉布拉克”.
Casana: It looks like a gigantic hill today, 卡萨纳：今天看起来像座巨大的山,
And surrounding the big hill is a fan of other settlement 而围绕大山的是其他定居点的扇子
That encompasses a very large area. 它包含了一个非常大的领域.
It's the remains of an ancient city 是一座古城的遗迹
That was probably first founded more than 6,000 years ago, 可能是6000多年前第一次创建的,
And that makes it perhaps the oldest city in the world. 这也许是世界上最古老的城市.
Settlements like tell brak only start to appear 像泰尔布拉克这样的定居点才开始出现
After a dramatic event transforms the environment. 在一个戏剧性的事件之后,环境发生了变化.
It's the end of the last ice age. 这是最后一个冰河时代的结束.
Earth's climate radically shifts. 地球的气候发生了根本性的变化.
The planet is at its warmest point in 100,000 years. 这个星球正处在10万年来最热的时刻.
Where tell brak lies is an area of the middle east 在中东地区,哪里有说谎的地方
Known as the fertile crescent. 被称为肥沃的新月.
It's now that it becomes fertile. 现在它变得肥沃了.
Rainfall and temperatures increase, 降雨和温度升高,
Leading to a great expansion of grassland. 导致草地的大面积扩张.
Climate change is about to fuel a food revolution. 气候变化将推动粮食革命.
For millennia,humans foraged wild grass seeds, 几千年来,人类一直在觅食野生草籽,
But now abundant wheat and barley 但现在小麦和大麦却很丰富
Prove easy to grow and to control. 证明容易成长和控制.
Some people begin to settle, 有些人开始安定下来,
To nurture and protect their crops. 培育和保护他们的庄稼.
They gradually give up the hunter-gatherer lifestyle 他们逐渐放弃狩猎采集者的生活方式
To become farmers. 成为农民.
From this point forward, 从这一点上讲,
Human reliance on cultivated plants and domesticated animals 人类对栽培植物和驯化动物的依赖
Will begin to change the landscape. 将开始改变景观.
Potts: With agriculture,people began to have an impact, 波茨：随着农业的发展,人们开始产生影响,
Taking a few plants,then breeding them, 带上几株植物,然后繁殖,
Growing them,and rejecting all of the other plants around them, 种植它们,排斥周围的所有其他植物,
Simplifying those ecosystems. 简化这些生态系统.
Tell brak is special because the earliest evidence 告诉布拉克是特别的因为最早的证据
Of this shift to agriculture 向农业转移
Is visible in the corona images 在电晕图像中可见
The world's first roads. 世界上第一条路.
Casana: What we can see 卡萨娜：我们能看到什么
Are these,these dark linear features 这些,这些是暗线性特征吗
That extend out from the site like the spokes on a wheel. 像车轮上的辐条一样从网站延伸出来.
They're really long. 他们真的很长.
They extend four or five kilometers,and what they are 它们延伸了四五公里,它们是什么
Are the remains of probably the earliest known roadways 可能是已知最早的道路的遗迹吗
In the world. 在世界上.
What we are able to reconstruct 我们能重建的
Is that,in the immediate hinterland surrounding the city, 在城市周边的腹地,
There would have been extensive fields 会有很多领域
Of intensively cultivated wheat and barley. 是集中栽培的小麦和大麦.
The sheep and goat that lived with the people 与人民生活在一起的绵羊和山羊
Here in tell brak, 在泰尔布拉克,
They would need to pass by those fields, 他们需要经过那些田地,
And they didn't want to trample the wheat, 他们不想践踏小麦,
So they would be kind of constrained, 所以他们会有点拘束,
And so that's how we get these roadways forming. 这就是我们如何形成这些道路的.
They served as passage 他们充当通道
For large herds of sheep and goat and other animals 为大群羊、山羊和其他动物准备的
To come in and out of the city. 进进出出.
The settled populations expand, 定居人口增加,
Overwhelming the remaining hunter-gatherers, 压倒了剩下的狩猎采集者,
Transforming the landscape 改造景观
With fields,villages,towns, 田野,村庄,城镇,
And eventually cities. 最后是城市.
As these cities become the hubs of great civilizations, 随着这些城市成为伟大文明的中心,
This is the moment humanity becomes visible from space. 这是人类从太空可见的时刻.
Over the next few thousand years, 在接下来的几千年里,
Agricultural revolutions occur across the globe. 农业革命发生在世界各地.
Each civilization is built 每一种文明都是建立起来的
Around locally cultivated plants. 在当地种植的植物周围.
In china and southeast asia,rice and millet. 在中国和东南亚,大米和谷子.
In the americas,corn or potatoes. 在美洲,玉米或土豆.
And wherever agriculture takes hold, 无论农业发展到哪里,
There is a population explosion. 人口激增.
By the first century a.D., 到了公元一世纪.,
The world population is over 170 million. 世界人口超过1.7亿.
By 1500,it's 500 million. 到1500年,已经是5亿了.
The footprint of expanding human populations 人口扩张的足迹
Spreads over the entire surface of the earth. 遍布整个地球表面.
But now,as long as we rely solely 但现在,只要我们完全依靠
On plants and animals for energy, 以动植物为能源,
Our growth is constrained. 我们的增长受到限制.
Further progress is unlikely 不太可能取得进一步进展
If not for a hidden source of power lying under our feet. 如果不是因为隐藏在我们脚下的力量之源.
Above our heads today, 今天在我们头上,
Scores of satellites orbit the earth. 许多卫星环绕地球运行.
Their mission--treasure seeking. 他们的使命——寻宝.
Using an array of sensors,they probe the planet's surface, 他们用一组传感器探测地球表面,
Seeking an energy bonanza 寻找能源财富
Buried hundreds of millions of years ago. 埋在亿万年前.
Over the earth's 4.5-billion-year history, 在地球45亿年的历史中,
It has experienced many violent transformations. 它经历了许多剧烈的转变.
But through them all, 但通过他们,
The sun has shone,bathing the surface with light, 太阳照耀着,光照在表面,
A source of incredible energy. 令人难以置信的能量来源.
When life takes off in earnest, 当生命真的起飞,
It does so because it has perfected photosynthesis... 它这样做是因为它完善了光合作用...
Using light energy to trap carbon from the air 利用光能捕获空气中的碳
In leaves,stems,and trunks. 在叶、茎和树干中.
For over 100 million years,immense forests swamp the globe, 一亿多年来,浩瀚的森林淹没了地球,
And the seas fill with life. 大海充满了生命.
As plants and animals die,their remains become fossilized. 随着动植物的死亡,它们的遗体变成化石.
They lock up the solar energy that created them 它们锁住了创造它们的太阳能
In coal,oil,and gas, 在煤、石油和天然气中,
Which millions of years later 几百万年后
Will utterly transform human societies. 将彻底改变人类社会.
Since the start of civilization, 从文明开始,
To keep the fires burning, 为了让火继续燃烧,
Populations rely on wood for fuel. 人们以木材为燃料.
And by around 300 years ago, 大约300年前,
Populated areas like europe and china 欧洲和中国等人口密集地区
Burn up most of their forests. 烧毁了他们大部分的森林.
If they use up all their wood, 如果他们用光了所有的木头,
Their civilizations may soon collapse. 他们的文明可能很快就会崩溃.
But in the 18th century, 但在18世纪,
Humans tap the true potential of fossil fuels... 人类挖掘化石燃料的真正潜力...
Developing machines to harness 开发可利用的机器
This buried source of rich energy. 这种埋藏的丰富能源.
Over just a few hundred years, 几百年来,
They fuel humanity's great leap forward 它们推动了人类的大跃进
The industrial revolution. 工业革命.
Scott wing: We're tapping into this fossilized source of carbon 史考特：我们正在开发这个化石碳源
That's been deposited over hundreds of millions of years, 已经沉积了几亿年了,
And we're then burning that energy up, 然后我们把能量燃烧起来,
And that's really an energy revolution that's so recent 这真的是一场能源革命,而且是最近才发生的
That I,I think sometimes 我觉得有时候
We don't realize how important it is. 我们没有意识到它有多重要.
Access to fossilized energy 获取石化能源
Puts human civilization into overdrive. 使人类文明超速发展.
Wing: The energy revolution lets all of us 翅膀：能源革命让我们所有人
Consume a huge amount of power. 消耗大量的能量.
The amount of energy that each one of us use in our daily lives 我们每个人在日常生活中消耗的能量
Is equivalent to having, 相当于,
You know,more than 100 people working for you full-time. 你知道,有100多个人全职为你工作.
Gasoline-fueled vehicles link cities. 汽油汽车连接城市.
Coal- and oil-powered ships link continents. 以煤和石油为动力的船只连接各大洲.
Technological innovation allows instant communication 技术创新可以实现即时通信
Across the planet. 整个星球.
Civilization is now truly global. 文明现在确实是全球性的.
But this energy revolution 但是这次能源革命
Also unleashes humanity's potential 也释放了人类的潜能
For incredible destructive power. 以惊人的破坏力.
The explosion of the first atomic bomb 第一颗原子弹的爆炸
Marks a turning point for humankind. 标志着人类的转折点.
Over the following decades, 在接下来的几十年里,
More than 2,000 atomic warheads are tested. 测试了2000多枚原子弹头.
They generate an unprecedented release of radioactive dust 它们产生了前所未有的放射性尘埃
That spreads across the globe. 遍布全球.
Wing: If you were a geologist ten million years from now, 如果你是一千万年后的地质学家,
Some of it would still be visible 其中一些仍然可见
In the sediments deposited in the mid-20th century. 在20世纪中期沉积的沉积物中.
This is the moment 现在是时候了
Geologists consider the official start of the age of humans, 地质学家认为人类时代的正式开始,
The point when a species of ape achieved the power 一种猿获得力量的时刻
To determine the destiny of all life on earth. 决定地球上所有生命的命运.
So far,the fear of mutual destruction 到目前为止,对相互毁灭的恐惧
Has kept us from nuclear holocaust. 使我们免于核浩劫.
But in the age of humans, 但在人类时代,
There are other ways we can threaten our own survival. 我们还有其他方法可以威胁我们自己的生存.
It took humanity 300,000 years 人类花了30万年
To reach a population of one billion. 达到十亿人口.
But in just two centuries, 但仅仅两个世纪,
Our fossil-fueled civilization has rocketed to seven billion. 我们以化石为燃料的文明已经激增到70亿.
We are now spread,in increasing density, 我们现在在扩散,密度越来越大,
Over the entire habitable surface of the globe. 在整个地球上都可以居住的表面.
Kirk johnson: During my life span, 柯克·约翰逊：在我的一生中,
The population of the planet has more than doubled. 这个星球的人口增加了一倍多.
The impact of that,of course, 当然,这会带来什么影响,
Is that people need food,land,iphones, 人们需要食物,土地,iPhone,
Cars,buses,cities. 汽车,公共汽车,城市.
So as humans grow,they're appropriating the natural world 所以随着人类的成长,他们正在为自然世界拨款
At a staggering rate. 以惊人的速度.
It's estimated that to feed everyone, 估计要养活所有人,
Farmers will need to produce 农民需要生产
As much food in the next 40 years 在未来40年里吃的东西
As they have in the previous 8,000. 就像以前的8000年一样.
But as we turn most of the globe to agriculture, 但当我们把世界大部分地区转向农业的时候,
We are destroying animal diversity. 我们正在破坏动物多样性.
Today,livestock farming 今天,畜牧业
Covers a quarter of all available land. 覆盖了所有可用土地的四分之一.
In just 50 years,wild mammal numbers 短短50年,野生哺乳动物数量
Have dropped by almost 60 percent. 已经下降了近60%.
Johnson: One of the things we've been seeing is over time 约翰逊：我们看到的一件事是随着时间的推移
Is that there are less animals than there used to be. 是不是动物比以前少了.
There are less fish than there used to be. 鱼比以前少了.
There's less wild land than there used to be. 荒地比以前少了.
Extinction rates are 1,000 times higher 消光率高1000倍
Than ever measured before. 比以前测量的还要多.
Wing: How long are we going to continue 荣：我们要继续多久
To decrease the habitat for other species? 减少其他物种的栖息地？
Because if it continues,I think there's not much doubt 因为如果它继续下去,我认为没有什么疑问
That we will end up in a mass extinction. 我们最终会陷入一场大灭绝.
We may not notice 我们可能不会注意到
The extinction of most wild animals, 大多数野生动物的灭绝,
But our addiction to fossilized energy 但我们对僵化能量的沉迷
Is becoming impossible to ignore. 是不可能忽略的.
Burning fossil fuels pumps huge quantities 燃烧化石燃料泵大量
Of ancient carbon into the atmosphere... 把古老的碳排放到大气中...
Far too much for today's plants,soils,or oceans 对今天的植物、土壤或海洋来说太多了
To reabsorb. 重新吸收.
Wing: We're using the fossil fuel reservoir 我们用的是化石燃料库
A million times faster than it was generated, 比它产生的快一百万倍,
And there are climatic and ecosystem consequences to that 这会对气候和生态系统造成影响
That are going to be present for thousands of years to come. 在未来的几千年里都会存在.
Measurements from space probes 空间探测器测量
Confirm that our atmosphere is altering at an alarming rate. 确认我们的大气正在以惊人的速度变化.
Gavin schmidt: We've increased the amount of carbon dioxide 加文·施密特：我们增加了二氧化碳的含量
By more than 40 percent. 超过40%.
We've more than doubled the amount of methane, 我们的甲烷含量翻了一番,
Another trace gas in the atmosphere. 大气中还有一种微量气体.
Each one of those things is changing the climate, 每一件事都在改变气候,
Is changing the weather. 天气在变.
Earth's history tells us 地球的历史告诉我们
Rapid change in climate can be disastrous. 气候的迅速变化可能是灾难性的.
Wing: We have past examples 荣：我们有过去的例子
Where the amount of co2 has gone up 二氧化碳的含量上升了
And the earth's climate has warmed, 地球的气候变暖了,
So it's a fact. 所以这是事实.
56 million years ago, 5600万年前,
The climate warmed nearly 14 degrees fahrenheit 气候变暖了将近14华氏度
Over a few thousand years. 几千年多了.
Fossils show that to survive the conditions, 化石表明为了生存,
Most species of mammal shrank in size by over a third. 大多数哺乳动物的体型缩小了三分之一以上.
But under our watch, 但在我们的监视下,
The climate is changing at a much faster pace. 气候变化的速度快得多.
In the last two centuries, 在过去的两个世纪里,
Ocean acidity increased by 25 percent. 海洋酸度增加了25%.
In the last 100 years,sea levels rose 8 inches, 在过去的100年里,海平面上升了8英寸,
And in just 50 years, 在短短50年里,
Nearly half of our arctic ice has disappeared. 我们北极的冰已经消失了将近一半.
We are creating a new planetary environment. 我们正在创造一个新的行星环境.
Schmidt: We're pushing a system 施密特：我们在推行一个系统
In a direction that it's never been before. 在一个从未有过的方向上.
Just in the space of 150 years, 在150年的时间里,
We have become a geological force 我们已经成为一个地质力量
To,to match almost anything that you see 为了,与你看到的几乎所有东西相匹配
In,in a billion years of earth history. 在地球上有十亿年的历史.
We face a calamity of our own making, 我们面临着自己的灾难,
But our species came this far 但我们的物种已经走到了这么远
Through brain power and the tools we created, 通过大脑力量和我们创造的工具,
So can our tools come to our rescue? 我们的工具能来拯救我们吗？
The problems caused by humanity's great expansion 人类大扩张所带来的问题
Have been brewing for centuries. 已经酝酿了几个世纪了.
But scientists believe 但科学家相信
It's the actions of this current generation 这是我们这一代人的行动
That will decide the future of the planet. 这将决定这个星球的未来.
Potts: Humans are a turning point 波茨：人类是一个转折点
In the history of life on earth. 在地球上的生命史上.
We've become a global phenomenon 我们已经成为一个全球性的现象
And responsible for the intensity 负责强度
Of what is going on to our planet, 我们星球上发生了什么,
To the ecosystems on which 对生态系统
Not only other organisms,but human life depends. 不仅其他生物,人类的生命也依赖于它.
This is,in many ways, 这在很多方面,
Our own survival challenge for the future. 我们自己的生存挑战.
And now we have technology to help us, 现在我们有技术来帮助我们,
Satellites to monitor our planet and help find solutions. 卫星监测我们的星球并帮助找到解决方案.
Our orbiting probes have already helped avert a global disaster. 我们的轨道探测器已经帮助避免了一场全球性灾难.
In the 1980s,above antarctica, 在1980年代,在南极洲上空,
Nasa satellites provide crucial confirmation Nasa卫星提供了关键的确认
Of a gaping hole in the ozone layer. 臭氧层的一个大洞.
This thin layer of gas high in the atmosphere 大气层中的这层薄薄的气体
Is a vital protective shield against the harshest solar rays. 是一个重要的保护盾,以防最恶劣的太阳射线.
Schmidt: We tan,we enjoy being in the sun, 施密特：我们晒太阳,我们很享受阳光,
But if we were in the sun without an ozone layer, 但如果我们在没有臭氧层的太阳下,
We would burn almost instantly, 我们几乎会立刻被烧死,
And it would be very,very difficult for life to exist. 生活将是非常非常困难的.
The culprit is a side-product 罪魁祸首是副产品
Of globalized industry, 全球化工业,
Ozone-destroying man-made gases 臭氧破坏人造气体
Used in aerosols and refrigeration. 用于气溶胶和制冷.
Spurred by the satellite evidence, 受卫星证据的刺激,
Politicians around the world unite in action. 世界各地的政治家团结起来.
Margaret thatcher: No one can opt out. 撒切尔夫人：没有人可以选择退出.
The chemicals are banned. 化学药品被禁止使用.
Decades later, 几十年后,
Ozone levels are on the road to recovery. 臭氧水平正在恢复的道路上.
Schmidt: We avoided the cliff.Nobody predicted this. 施密特：我们避开了悬崖.没人预测到.
What would have happened? 会发生什么事？
It would have reconfigured life on earth. 它会重新配置地球上的生命.
Space technology helped prevent disaster. 空间技术有助于预防灾害.
Given the chance, 有机会,
The atmosphere has the power to heal itself. 大气有力量自我修复.
Other satellite studies show that some animal species 其他卫星研究表明,有些动物物种
Also appear to show resilience in the age of humans. 在人类的年龄里,也显示出了复原力.
In downtown chicago, 在芝加哥市中心,
Dr.Stan gehrt uses gps technology StanGehrt博士使用gps技术
To study a population of coyotes. 研究一个土狼的种群.
Stan gehrt: It's extremely difficult for us 斯坦·盖赫特：对我们来说是非常困难的
To even pick up their signals on the ground, 甚至在地面上接他们的信号,
But the satellites can pick them up. 但是卫星可以把它们捡起来.
Radio-collaring over 400 coyotes, 无线电拼贴400多只狼,
Gehrt documents how this species is thriving in the human world. Gehrt记录了这个物种在人类世界中是如何兴旺的.
Gehrt: One of the most amazing things is just how many coyotes 盖赫特：最令人惊奇的事情之一就是有多少郊狼
Can live in a major metropolitan area 能住在大城市区
And live so close to people. 和人生活得如此亲密.
We estimate that there's 3,000 to 4,000 coyotes here. 我们估计这里有3000到4000只狼.
We have coyotes that are literally 我们有只狼
Within just a few yards from people on a regular basis 离人们几码以内
With people not knowing that they're there. 因为人们不知道他们在那里.
They survive by adapting 他们通过适应生存
To the urban environment. 对城市环境.
Gehrt: Coyotes have to learn traffic patterns. 盖尔特：狼必须学习交通模式.
They have to learn how to cross roads 他们必须学会如何过马路
And avoid getting hit by cars, 避免被汽车撞到,
And that is the biggest risk to their life down here, 这是他们在这里生活中最大的风险,
And yet they're able to do that. 但他们还是能做到.
The patterns that we're seeing in chicago 我们在芝加哥看到的模式
With coyotes moving into the city 因为狼搬进了城市
Is being seen in virtually every single metropolitan area 几乎在每个大都市都能看到
Across north america. 在北美.
If we can make space for nature, 如果我们能为大自然腾出空间,
It can survive alongside us. 它能和我们一起生存.
Satellites can also provide 卫星也可以提供
A path to preserving animal diversity. 一条保护动物多样性的途径.
Radio-tagging technology 无线电标签技术
Allows the mapping of wildlife migration routes 允许绘制野生动物迁徙路线
Thousands of miles long, 几千英里长,
Maps we can use to create protected corridors 我们可以使用地图创建受保护的道路
To save species from human interference. 以避免人类的干扰.
It's just one example 这只是一个例子
Of how space data helps protect our planet. 关于空间数据如何帮助保护我们的星球.
Johnson: Truly we live in a remarkable time, 约翰逊：我们生活在一个非常美好的时期,
When we as humans have technology, 当我们人类拥有技术时,
We have the ability to plan ahead, 我们有能力提前计划,
We know our geologic past. 我们知道我们的地质过去.
We can put all that together 我们可以把所有这些放在一起
And actually conceive of a desirable future 并设想一个理想的未来
And build a global plan to get to that future. 建立一个通往未来的全球计划.
That's the challenge for humanity in the 21st century. 这是21世纪人类面临的挑战.
From our perspective, 从我们的角度来看,
Our human story is epic in scope. 我们的人类故事是史诗般的.
Our civilization is measured in thousands of years... 我们的文明是用几千年来衡量的...
Our species in hundreds of thousands. 我们的物种数十万.
But the earth measures time 但地球测量时间
In millions and billions of years. 在数百万年里.
Our planet has lived only half of its life span. 我们的星球只活了一半的寿命.
For the last 4.5 billion years, 在过去45亿年里,
It has experienced monumental change. 它经历了巨大的变化.
Species that dominate then disappear, 支配着的物种消失了,
Giving rise to new life. 创造新生活.
Humanity's entire existence is a brief moment of brilliance 人类的全部存在只是一个短暂的光辉时刻
On this immense timeline. 在这个巨大的时间线上.
And the stable environment we have relied on 我们所依赖的稳定环境
Will not last. 不会持续.
Over earth's next few billion years, 在未来的几十亿年里,
More ice ages,epic volcanic eruptions, 更多的冰期,史诗般的火山爆发,
Meteor impacts,and extinctions 流星撞击和灭绝
Will be inevitable. 将不可避免.
But the planet's history 但地球的历史
Tells us some forms of life will survive. 告诉我们一些生命形式会存活下来.
Where we fit into this future is up to us. 我们在未来的适应是由我们决定的.